Early Human Settlements and Civilizations After leaving caves, humans built villages and created the first cities. Over time, civilizations such as the Egyptian Civilization, Mesopotamian Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization, and Chinese Civilization emerged. These civilizations took centuries to form and reach their peak. Inspired by them, other civilizations across the world also began to develop….
This religion emerged from the hot and dry land of Arabia. It enlightened the world with new laws, new teachings, and new messages under the leadership of Hazrat Muhammad ﷺ. Islam spread from the cities of Mecca and Medina to other parts of the Middle East and Asia. With Islam, the Arabic language also spread…
Culture is one of humanity’s greatest treasures. It shows how people live, think, and connect with their surroundings. Every nation in the world carries its own culture, shaped by land, history, and traditions. What Defines Culture? Culture is the combination of customs, traditions, and the shared psychology of a community. Homeland and language are its…
The founder of this religion was Christ, whom Muslims call Jesus the Messiah. He was born in Bethlehem about 2000 years ago. Jesus came from the 42nd generation of Abraham within the Israelite race. When the emperor “Sarius” conquered the land, he freed the Jews and sent them back to their homeland. In that period,…
Philosophy is the discipline of questioning, searching, and discovering truth. Human beings reach higher knowledge by thinking deeply, finding answers, and raising new questions. The Origins of Philosophy in Human Life Ancient humans began philosophy when they shifted from hunting to agriculture. Farmers cultivated seeds, created hybrids, and stored food. This change reduced hunger and…
After the civilizations of Egypt, Iraq, Sindh, and China, Greece was perhaps the most advanced of all regions. Greece is located in southeastern Europe. It is located on the southern side of the Balkan Peninsula. It borders Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Turkey, as well as the Aegean, Ionian, and Mediterranean Seas. Greece is largely…
The Importance of Water and the Fate of Civilizations Water is the lifeline of rivers and springs, the very foundation of all living beings. Life itself emerged from water, and wherever water exists, the chances of life are always high. From ancient times, humans have always chosen to settle near fresh water sources. From early…
History is the record of past events, including social, political, and economic conditions, along with wars, victories, and defeats. Human history reflects all changes—positive or negative—that were passed from one generation to another and still influence society today. Every victory or defeat leaves visible traces on the present and the future. Past experiences continue to…
Egypt lies in the northern part of Africa. It borders both the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The Nile River makes the land green, while the rest of Egypt is covered with desert. Mount Catherine is a large mountain with multiple uses. Temperatures in Egypt are generally very high. The country is famous for…
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as Sindhu Sabhita, was associated with the mighty River Indus or Sindhu River. It stands as one of the world’s oldest and most remarkable cultural landscapes. Archaeological Sites of the Indus Valley Archaeological sites such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Amri, Rohri Hills, and Mehrgarh testify to the civilization’s greatness. These…
